壓(ya)力變送(song)器(qi)的工(gong)作(zuo)應用原理
壓(ya)力(li)變送(song)(song)(song)(song)器(qi)是工業應(ying)(ying)用中zui為(wei)常用的(de)一種(zhong)傳感(gan)器(qi)，其廣(guang)泛應(ying)(ying)用于各種(zhong)工業自控環境，涉及水電利、交通建筑、機床(chuang)管道、生(sheng)產自控等(deng)眾多行業，壓(ya)力(li)變送(song)(song)(song)(song)器(qi)的(de)種(zhong)類(lei)可分為(wei)以下(xia)幾(ji)種(zhong)：電阻壓(ya)力(li)變送(song)(song)(song)(song)器(qi)、半導體壓(ya)力(li)變送(song)(song)(song)(song)器(qi)、壓(ya)阻式(shi)(shi)壓(ya)力(li)變送(song)(song)(song)(song)器(qi)、電感(gan)式(shi)(shi)壓(ya)力(li)變送(song)(song)(song)(song)器(qi)、電容(rong)式(shi)(shi)壓(ya)力(li)變送(song)(song)(song)(song)器(qi)、等(deng)。但應(ying)(ying)用的(de)是壓(ya)阻式(shi)(shi)壓(ya)力(li)變送(song)(song)(song)(song)器(qi)，它具有價格(ge)低和高精度(du)以及較好的(de)線性(xing)特(te)性(xing)。下(xia)面(mian)我們主要介(jie)紹幾(ji)類(lei)。
1、壓(ya)力變送器
在了解壓阻(zu)(zu)式壓力(li)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)送(song)器時，咱們要(yao)首(shou)先(xian)認識一(yi)下(xia)電阻(zu)(zu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)片這種元件(jian)。電阻(zu)(zu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)片是一(yi)種把被測件(jian)上的應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化轉換成為一(yi)種電信號的敏感器件(jian)。它是壓阻(zu)(zu)式應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)送(song)器的主要(yao)組成部分之(zhi)一(yi)。它應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)zui多的是金屬電阻(zu)(zu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)片和(he)半導體(ti)(ti)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)片兩種。通(tong)常(chang)是將應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)片通(tong)過特殊的粘和(he)劑緊(jin)密的粘合在產生(sheng)力(li)學(xue)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)基體(ti)(ti)上，當(dang)基體(ti)(ti)受(shou)力(li)發生(sheng)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化時，電阻(zu)(zu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)片也一(yi)起產生(sheng)形變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)，使應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)片的阻(zu)(zu)值發生(sheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化，從而(er)使加在電阻(zu)(zu)上的電壓發生(sheng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化。
2、擴散硅壓力變送器
擴散硅壓(ya)力變(bian)送器(qi)(qi)是指被檢測介質(zhi)的(de)壓(ya)力直(zhi)接作用于(yu)傳(chuan)感器(qi)(qi)的(de)膜(mo)片上，使膜(mo)片產生與介質(zhi)壓(ya)力成正比的(de)微位移，使傳(chuan)感器(qi)(qi)的(de)電(dian)阻(zu)值發生變(bian)化(hua)，和(he)用電(dian)子線路檢測這(zhe)一變(bian)化(hua)，并轉換輸出一個對應于(yu)這(zhe)一壓(ya)力的(de)標準(zhun)測量信號。
3、壓電壓力變(bian)送器(qi)傳感器(qi)
壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)感器中(zhong)主要使用的壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)材(cai)料包(bao)括有(you)石(shi)英(ying)(ying)、酒石(shi)酸(suan)(suan)鉀鈉(na)和(he)磷酸(suan)(suan)二氫胺。其中(zhong)石(shi)英(ying)(ying)是(shi)一(yi)種天(tian)然晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效應就是(shi)在(zai)石(shi)英(ying)(ying)這種晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)中(zhong)發現(xian)的，在(zai)一(yi)定的溫(wen)度(du)范(fan)圍(wei)之內，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)質一(yi)直存在(zai)，當(dang)溫(wen)度(du)超過這個范(fan)圍(wei)后(hou)，壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)質*消失，伴隨應力的變化(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場變化(hua)(hua)微小(xiao)，所(suo)以石(shi)英(ying)(ying)逐(zhu)漸被其他的壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)所(suo)替代。而酒石(shi)酸(suan)(suan)鉀鈉(na)具有(you)很大(da)的壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)靈敏度(du)和(he)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系數(shu)，但是(shi)它只(zhi)能(neng)(neng)在(zai)室溫(wen)和(he)低濕(shi)度(du)的環境下才能(neng)(neng)應用。至(zhi)于磷酸(suan)(suan)二氫胺屬(shu)于人造(zao)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)，能(neng)(neng)夠承受高(gao)溫(wen)高(gao)濕(shi)度(du)，所(suo)以已(yi)經得到了廣泛的應用。現(xian)在(zai)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效應也應用在(zai)多晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)上。
4、電容式壓力變送器
陶瓷電容傳感器具(ju)有(you)適用(yong)于(yu)(yu)正常或有(you)腐蝕性(xing)介(jie)質的測(ce)量(liang)，如，氣體或液(ye)體，但不傾向于(yu)(yu)有(you)沉淀，結晶或加勁材料的使用(yong)。主(zhu)要應用(yong)于(yu)(yu)船艙液(ye)位測(ce)量(liang)。
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